OOP

Object-oriented programming concepts: classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

AI Agent Project: From Raw Loop to LangGraph, With Evals

Agent frameworks rotate every few months; the design underneath them does not. This AI agent project is the capstone: one research-and-summarize assistant with four tools, built three ways. A raw loop written by hand, the same tools served from your own MCP server, and a LangGraph 1.x port with checkpoints and a human approval step. All three get graded on the same 20 tasks, with the results table in the README. “Make it work, make it right, make it fast. ... Read More

LLM Tool Calling: Build a Raw Agent Loop From Scratch

LLM tool calling is what turns a chatbot into something that does real work: the model reads a request, decides it needs one of your functions, and hands that decision back as JSON for your code to run. Frameworks like LangGraph and CrewAI wrap this in nice classes, but underneath they all run one small loop. Here we build that loop by hand, about sixty lines of plain Python. “An agent is a model calling tools in a loop. Everything ... Read More

PyTorch Dataset and DataLoader: The Real Training Loop

You trained your first network on a toy set that fit in one tensor, and it felt easy. Then real data arrives, a CSV with thousands of rows or an image folder too big for memory, and the PyTorch DataLoader is the tool built for exactly that. Here you pair it with a custom Dataset, feed a network from a CSV and an image folder, run the five-step loop from memory, validate honestly, and save a checkpoint you can resume ... Read More